[ÔĶÁÐëÖª]¡Ã±¾ÎÄÖеÄÀ­¶¡Îĺͷ¨ÎÄÒýÎÄÔÚÔĶÁÖпÉÄÜ»á³öÏÖһЩÆæÌغº×Ö»òһЩ
ÂÒÂë¡£Ò»°ãÓöµ½ÕâÖÖÇé¿ö£¬Ê¹ÓÃÎ÷ÎÄÔĶÁ£¬¼´¿ÉÏÔʾ³öÕýÈ·µÄÀ­¶¡Îĺͷ¨ÎÄÒýÎÄ¡£ 





À³²¼Äá´ÄÓë˹±ÈÈû¶û¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·Ò»Ê鿼
  

[ÕªÒª]£ºÍ¨¹ý¶Ô˹±ÈÈû¶ûËù±àÖø³ö°æµÄ¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·Ò»ÊéµÄ¿¼Ö¤ÓëÑо¿£¬Ö¤Êµ
ÁËÒÔÏÂÈý¸öÎÊÌ⣺¢ÙÔÚ1679Äê֮ǰ£¬¼´À³²¼Äá´Ä¡°·¢Ã÷¡±¶þ½øÖÆ×îÔçʱ¼ä֮ǰ£¬ÖÐ
¹úµÄ¡¶Ò×ͼ¡·(°ËØÔ)ÒÑÔÚÅ·ÖÞ¹«¿ª³ö°æ¡£¢ÚÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÒÔÇ°Å·ÖÞÈ˶ԡ¶Ò×ͼ¡·ÒѳÆΪ
¡°¶þ½øÖÆ¡±¡£¢ÛÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÔÚ1679Äê֮ǰÒѼûµ½¡¶Ò×ͼ¡·¡£ÕâÈý¸öÎÊÌâµÄ֤ʵ£¬Ê¹ÈË
ÃǶÔÀ³²¼Äá´ÄËù·¢Ã÷µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÓÐÒ»¸öÖØеÄÈÏʶ£¬Æä¶þ½øÖƵÄÌåϵԴÓÚ·üôË°ËØÔͼ
¡£

[¹Ø¼ü´Ê]£ºË¹±ÈÈû¶û¡¢¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·¡¢¶þ½øÖÆ¡£



(Ò»)Òý  ÑÔ

    ±¾ÊÀ¼Í³õ£¬Å·ÖÞººÑ§¼ÒÃǶÔÀ³²¼Äá´Ä¶þ½øÖÆÓë·üôË°ËØÔͼչ¿ªÁËÒ»³¡¹«¿ªÐÔµÄ
±çÂÛ£¬°¢Éª¡¤Î¤Àû(Arthur Waley)ÔÚÓ¢¹úµÄ¡¶Bulletin of the London School of
Asiatic Studies¡·(1921,t.11 cpp. 165¡«167)ÔÓÖ¾ÉÏ·¢±íÁËһƪ ¡°Leibniz and 
Fu Hsi¡±ÎÄÕ£¬¶øÒýÆðÁËÒ»³¡ÕùÒ顣ΤÀûÈÏΪÀ³²¼Äá´Ä·¢Ã÷¶þ½øÖÆÓë·üôË°ËØÔÓйØ
£¬²®Ï£ºÍ(Pelliot)ÔÚ¡¶T'oung-pao¡·(1922)ÔÓÖ¾¼ò¶ÌµØÌá³ö·´²µ¡£

    ÀîԼɪ(Joseph Needham 1901¡«1995)ÊDz®Ï£ºÍµÄÖ§³ÖÕߣ¬ÓÉÓÚËû»ùÓÚÀ³²¼Äá
´Ä¶þ½øÖÆ·¢Ã÷ÓÚ1679Ä꣬ÔçÓÚ°×½ú(J.Bouvet,1656¡«1730)ËùʾµÄ·üôË°ËØÔͼ¡£¶ø
ÔÚ¡°Addendum on the Book of Changes and the binary arithmetic of 
Leibniz¡±Ò»ÎÄдµ½[1]£º
    
         The chief defect in the attribution of mathematical 
     significance to the hexagrams is that nothing was further from 
     the thought of ancient I Ching experts than any kind of 
     quantitative calculation, as Granet has sufficiently shown.
  
    ¡¶Ò×¾­¡·µÄÕ¼²·ÕßÃÇ(I Ching experts)ÔÚÀîԼɪµÄÑÛÀïʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇһЩ¸ù±¾Ã»
ÓÐÈκÎËãÊõ·½ÃæµÄÑо¿»ò˼¿¼Õß¡£ÕâÑù£¬ÀîԼɪÓÐÒâÓÿÆѧÓëÃÔÐŵġ°¸ù±¾¶ÔÁ¢¡±
µÄÔ­Ôò£¬ÂÛÖ¤À³²¼Äá´Ä·¢Ã÷¡°¶þ½øÖÆ¡±¡£
  
    ÀîԼɪÕâÖÖÂÛÖ¤ÔÚijһ·¶Î§Ö®ÄÚÊǺÜÓÐЧÄܵģ¬µ«ÕâÒ»·¶Î§±ØÐëÊǽ¨Á¢ÔÚÈËÃÇ
¶ÔÅ·ÖÞÖйúÎÄ»¯´«²¥ÀúÊ·²»ÇåµÄÇ°ÌáÏ¡£ËûËù˵µÄ£º

        The first description of this system was given in a paper by 
    Leibniz in +1679,¡®De Progressione Dyadica¡¯.

¾Í±íÏÖ³ö¶ÔÖйúÎÄ»¯´«²¥ÀúÊ·Á˽âµÄ·ôdz¡£ 

    ±¾ÎÄËùÖ¸³öµÄ¶þ½øÖÆ·ÇÀ³²¼Äá´Ä·¢Ã÷£¬Ö÷ÒªÊǽ¨Á¢ÔÚ¶ÔÅ·ÖÞÖйúÎÄ»¯´«²¥µÄÀú
Ê·Ñо¿Ö®ÉÏ¡£¿¼Ö¤ÔÚ1679Äê֮ǰ£¬¼´À³²¼Äá´Ä¡°·¢Ã÷¡±¶þ½øÖÆ×îÔçʱ¼ä֮ǰ£¬Öйú
µÄ¡¶Ò×ͼ¡·(°ËØÔ)ÊÇ·ñÔÚÅ·ÖÞ¹«¿ªÁ÷´«£¬ÕâÖÖÁ÷´«ÊÇÖ¸¹«¿ªµÄ³ö°æÎͬʱ»¹Òª¿¼
Ö¤À³²¼Äá´ÄÔÚ1679Äê֮ǰËû¼ûû¼ûµ½¡¶Ò×ͼ¡·£¬ºÍÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÒÔÇ°Å·ÖÞÈ˶ԡ¶Ò×ͼ¡·
µÄÀí½â£¬ÊÇ·ñÓжþ½øÖƵĺ¯Òâ¡£       
 


(¶þ)˹±ÈÈû¶ûµÄ¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·
  
    ¸ñÀïÄ·(Tilemann Grimm)ÔøÔÚ¡¶À³²¼Äá´ÄÓëÖйú¡·(China und das Chinabild 
von Leibniz)Ò»ÎÄÖнéÉÜ[2]£¬1660Äê˹±ÈÈû¶û(Gottlied Spizel,1639¡«1691)ÔÚ
ºÉÀ¼À³¶Ù(Leiden)³ö°æÁË¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·(De re litteraria Sinensium 
commentarius)Ò»Ê飬ÊéÖмÇÔØÁË¡°I Ging¡±(Ò×¾­)£¬¸ÃÊéΪÀ³²¼Äá´Ä½ÏÔçÁ˽âÖÐ
¹úÕÜѧµÄÒ»²¿²ÎÔÄÎÄÏס£Õâ±¾ÊéÃû¹ýÈ¥ÓÐÈ˽Ð×ö¡¶ÖйúÎÄѧ¡·¡¢»ò¡¶ÂÛÖйúµÄ×Ú½Ì
¡·µÈµÈ¡£

    ¸ù¾Ý¸ñÀïÄ·ËùÌṩµÄÎÄÏ×£¬±ÊÕßÔÚ±ÈÀûʱгãë´óѧ(Louvain la Neuve)ͼÊé
¹Ý²éÔĵ½ÁË˹±ÈÈû¶ûËù±àÖøµÄ¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·Ò»Ê飬±àºÅ£º3A17908¡£¼û(ͼһ)£º


(ͼһ)

    ¸ÃÊé³ö°æÄê´úÀ­¶¡ÎÄÓ¡Ë¢ÌåÊéдΪ¡°(I)I)CLXI¡±((I) = M¡¢I) = D)£¬¼´1660
Ä꣬³ö°æµØµã¡°LUGDUNI BATAVORUM¡±(ºÉÀ¼À³¶Ù)£¬³ö°æÕß¡°Petrum Hackium¡±£¬
¿ª±¾787¡Á1092 1/64£¬È«ÊéÕýÎĹ©¼Æ306Ò³£¬13Õ½Ú(Sectio)¡£Ä¿Â¼ÄÚÈÝÈçÏ£º

    Sectio ¢ñ£ºSinice gentis eruditio.     
    Sectio ¢ò£ºAmbitiofa Gentis Antiquitas.
    Sectio ¢ó£ºRes Literaria maturius a sinis exculta.
    Sectio ¢ô£ºLiteratura Sinica.
    Sectio ¢õ£ºLiteratura Sinica an Hieroglyphicorum Egyptiacemula?
    Sectio ¢ö£º¡ÆYTKPI¡ÆI¡Æ Literature Sinice cum Literis 
               Gymmosophistarum & Druidum. 
    Sectio ¢÷£ºA Literatura ad Philosophiam.
    Sectio ¢ø£ºSinice Philosophie compendium.
    Sectio ¢ù£ºDe Ortu & Principiis Rerum Naturalium opiniones 
               philosophorum Europeorum¡¢Sinicorum.
    Sectio ¢ú£ºAlia de ortu Rerum opinio Sinica.
    Sectio ¢û£ºOrbis Interitus.
    Sectio ¢ü£ºPhilosophia Noralis.
    Sectio ¢ú¢ó£ºImmortalitatis affeetatio vana.

    ˹±ÈÈû¶û£¬À­¶¡ÎÄÃû½Ð¡°Theophilus Spizelius¡±¡¢»¹ÓÐÊéдΪ¡°Gottlieb 
Spitzel¡±¡£ËûºÍÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÒ»Ñù£¬´Óδȥ¹ýÖйú¡£Ëû¶ÔÖйúÎÄ»¯µÄÑо¿Ö÷Òª½èÖúÓÚ
Å·ÖÞÔÚÖйúµÄ´«½ÌÊ¿¡£¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·Ò»ÊéÖ÷Òª²ÎÔĵÄÎÄÏ×ÓУº

    ¢Ù½ðÄá¸ó(Nicolsa Trigault,1577¡«1628)ÓÚ1615Äê³ö°æµÄ¡¶ÀûÂêñ¼ÖйúÔú¼Ç
¡·(De christiana expeditione spud Sinas).
    ¢ÚÔøµÂÕÑ(Alvarez Semedo, 1586¡«1658)ÓÚ1642Äê³ö°æµÄ¡¶ÖлªµÛ¹ú¡·(
Imperio de la China).
    ¢ÛÎÀ¿ï¹ú(Martin Martinius, 1614¡«1661)ÓÚ1658Äê³ö°æµÄ¡¶ÖйúÉϹÅÊ·¡·(
Sinice historie decas prima) ¡¢ 
    ¢Ü»ùЪ¶û(Athanasio Kirchero, 1602¡«1680)ËùÖøµÄһЩÓйصÄÊé¼®¡£

 

(Èý)¡¶Ò×¾­¡·ÔÚÀ³²¼Äá´Ä֮ǰÒѱ»Å·ÖÞ³ÆΪ¶þ½øÖÆ

    ÔÚ¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·Ò»ÊéÖУ¬¡°SETCTIO ¢ô¡±(µÚ45Ò³¡«61Ò³)ºÍ¡°SETCTIO ¢ù
¡±(µÚ156Ò³¡«157Ò³)Á½¸ö²¿·Ö½éÉÜÁË¡¶Ò×¾­¡·¡£
    
   1)¡°SETCTIO ¢ô¡±²¿·ÖÖ÷Òª½éÉÜ£º

    ÔÚ¡°SETCTIO ¢ô¡±²¿·ÖµÄµÚ52Ò³¡«56Ò³£¬Ë¹±ÈÈû¶û½éÉÜ·üôËÒÔÁúÉßΪͼÌÚ¡¢Ïà
´«ÁúÂí¸ºÍ¼³öÓÚºÓ£¬·üô˵Ãͼ×ö°ËØÔ¡£ÉñÅ©ºÍÒÔºóµÛÍõ£¬¼°ÖйúÎÄ×ֵȡ£
     
    Ô­ÎÄÖеġ°FOHIO¡±¡¢¡°FOHIVS¡±¼´ÎªÀ­¶¡ÎÄËùÒëµÄ¡°·üôË¡±¡£¡°Serpentibus 
Draconibus¡±Îª¡°ÉßÓëÁúͼÌÚ¡±¡£¡°XINNUNG¡±Îª¡°ÉñÅ©¡±¡£

    ´Ó56ҳ϶οªÊ¼£¬Ë¹±ÈÈû¶û½éÉÜ¡¶Ò×¾­¡·¡¢Á½ÒÇ¡¢ËÄÏó¡¢°ËØÔ¡¢ÁùÊ®ËÄØÔ¡¢Ç¬
¡¢À¤¡¢Õð¡¢ôÞ¡¢Ìì¸ÉµØÖ§¡£

    Ô­ÎÄÖеġ°YEKING¡±Îª¡¶Ò×¾­¡·¡¢¡°principia¡±Îª¡°Á½ÒÇ¡±¡¢¡°formæ ¡±Îª¡°°Ë
ØÔ¡±¡¢¡°symbola¡±Îª¡°ÁùÊ®ËÄØÔ¡±¡¢ ¡°Cælum¡±Îª¡°Ç¬¡±¡¢¡°Terra¡±Îª¡°À¤¡±¡¢¡°
fulmina¡±Îª¡°Õ𡱡¢¡°montes¡±Îª¡°ôÞ¡±¡£

    ÔÚ¡°SETCTIO ¢ô¡±²¿·Ö£¬Ë¹±ÈÈû¶ûÖ÷Òª²ÎÔÄÎÄÏ×ÓУº

    ¢ÙMartinius£¬Hist. Sin.(Sinice historie decas prima) ¡£¼´ÎÀ¿ï¹ú£¬¡¶
ÖйúÉϹÅÊ·¡·(1658)

    ¢ÚSemedo£¬Imperio de la China¡£¼´ÔøµÂÕÑ£¬¡¶ÖлªµÛ¹ú¡·(1642)       


    2)¡°SETCTIO ¢ù¡±²¿·ÖÖ÷Òª½éÉÜ£º

    ÔÚ¡°SETCTIO  ¢ù¡±²¿·ÖµÄµÚ156Ò³¡«157Ò³£¬Ë¹±ÈÈû¶û½éÉÜÁËÖйú×ÔÈ»ÕÜѧ¡£
´ÓµÚ165ҳ϶οªÊ¼ÏêÊöÌ«¼«ÒõÑô°ËØÔѧ˵¡£

    ˹±ÈÈû¶ûÔÚ166Ò³ÖнéÉÜÒõÑôÊÇÁ½ÒÇ¡¢Á½ÒÇÉúËÄÏó¡¢ËÄÏóÉú°ËØÔ¡¢°Ë°ËÁùÊ®ËÄ
ØÔµÄÊýѧģÐÍ¡£¼û(ͼ¶þ)Ô­ÎÄ£º



(ͼ¶þ)



    ±¾Ò³Ï¶Σ¬ËûËù»­µÄÁùÊ®ËÄØÔÊýѧÑÝ»¯Ê¾Òâͼ¡£

    ------------------------------------
         2 Principia YN & YANG.
         2
    ---------------------------    
         4 Signa seu Imagines.
         2 
    ---------------------------
         8 Forme
         8
    ---------------------------
         64 Symbola
    -------------------------------------

    ÖµµÃÈËÃÇ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬Ë¹±ÈÈû¶ûÔÚµÚ167Ò³´ÓµÚÒ»ÐÐдµ½£º¡°Principiis per 
binarium multiplicatis¡± Öеġ°binarium¡±Ò»´Ê£¬¸Ã´ÊΪÀ­¶¡ÎÄ£¬Ó¢Îļ´Îª¡°
binary¡±£¬¾ÍÊÇÖÐÎĵĶþ½øÖÆ¡£¼û(ͼÈý)Ô­ÎÄ£º



(ͼÈý)


    ÓÉ´Ë¿ÉÖ¤£¬Ë¹±ÈÈû¶ûËù±àÖøµÄ¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·Ò»ÊéÖÐÒѽ«¡¶Ò×ͼ¡·³Æ֮Ϊ2
µÄ³Ë·½£¬¶þ½øÖÆ¡£ÒÔÖйú¡¶Ò×ͼ¡·Îª±êÖ¾µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÔÚÅ·ÖÞ×î³Ù³öÏÖÓÚ1660Äê¡£

    ˹±ÈÈû¶ûÔÚÊéµÄµÚ170Ò³ÖÐÏêϸ½éÉÜÁËÒõÓÃ(--)¶ÎÐøÏßÌõ±íʾ¡¢ ÑôÓÃ(¡ª)Á¬Ðø
ÏßÌõ±íʾ£¬Á½ÖÖÏßÌõµÄÖصþÐγÉËÄÏó¡¢ °ËØÔ¡¢Ç¬(III)¡¢À¤(|||)¡¢Õð(||I)¡¢ôÞ
(I||)¡¢Àë(I|I)¡¢¿²(|I|)¡¢¶Ò(|II)¡¢Ùã(II|)¡¢ÁùÊ®ËÄØÔ¡£

    Ô­ÎÄÖеġ°CHAOS¡±ººÒëΪ¡°»ìã硱һ´Ê¡¢¡°YN & YANG¡±ºÍ¡°INYAM¡±Îª¡°ÒõÑô
¡±¡¢¡°Signa quatuor¡±Îª¡°ËÄÏ󡱡¢¡°Octo formæ ¡±Îª¡°°ËØÔ¡±¡¢¡°quatuor & 
sexaginta symbola¡±Îª¡°ÁùÊ®ËÄØÔ¡±¡£     

    ÔÚ¡°SETCTIO  ¢ù¡±²¿·Ö£¬Ë¹±ÈÈû¶ûÖ÷Òª²ÎÔÄÎÄÏ×ÓУº

    ¢ÙMartinius£¬Hist. Sin.(Sinice historie decas prima) ¡£¼´ÎÀ¿ï¹ú£¬¡¶
ÖйúÉϹÅÊ·¡·(1658)

    ¢ÚAthanasio Kirchero, Prodr.Copt.c.3. ¼´»ùЪ¶û£¬¡¶ÖлªÎÄÎïͼ־¡·
(1667)µÄ×÷Õß¡£       

    ˹±ÈÈû¶ûËù±àÖøµÄ¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·Ò»ÊéÖÐÒÑ°Ñ¡¶Ò×ͼ¡·³Æ֮Ϊ¶þ½øÖÆ£¬¾ÍÄ¿
Ç°ÏÖÓеÄÎÄÏ×¼ÇÔØÊÇÊ״Ρ£ÔÚÎÀ¿ï¹úÓÚ1658Äê³ö°æµÄ¡¶ÖйúÉϹÅÊ·¡·Ò»ÊéÖл¹Ã»ÓÐ
Óá°binarium¡±Ò»´Ê£¬ËûÖ»ÊÇÕâÑùµÄÐðÊö¡°ex his per Yn & Yang multiplicatis 
figuras octo¡±¡£¶ø˹±ÈÈû¶ûËù±àÖøµÄÒ»ÊéÖеÄ×ÊÁϾùÀ´×ÔÎÀ¿ï¹úµÄ¡¶ÖйúÉϹÅÊ·
¡·Ò»Êé¡£



(ËÄ)À³²¼Äá´ÄÓë˹±ÈÈû¶ûµÄ½»Íù

    ˹±ÈÈû¶ûÊǵ¹ú°Â˹¸ù±¤(Augsburg)µ±Ê±ÖøÃûµÄÉñѧ¼Ò£¬À³²¼Äá´ÄÓëÆäÓйý½Ï
ÃÜÇеĽ»Íù¡£ÔÚ1669ÄêÀ³²¼Äá´ÄµÄ¡°×ÔÈ»·´¶ÔÎÞÉñÕßµÄÉùÃ÷¡±(Confessio naturae 
contra atheistas)Ò»Îľͷ¢±íÔÚ˹±ÈÈû¶ûÖ÷±àµÄ¿¯Îï(Epistola ad Reiserum de 
eradicando atheismo)ÉÏ¡£

    ½öÔÚ°ØÁÖ¿ÆѧԺ³ö°æµÄ¡¶À³²¼Äá´Ä¡·(GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ)Ò»ÊéÖоÍ
ÊÕ¼¯ÁËÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÓë˹±ÈÈû¶û(Spitzel)µÄ12·âͨÐÅ£¬ÕâЩÐÅÓÐ[3]£º

    [38].LEIBNIZ AN GOTTLIES SPITZEL
    12./22.Dezember 1669.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Augsburg).

    [41].GOTTLIES SPITZEL AN LEIBNIZ 
    Januar 1670.Eigenh.Auszug B(Augsburg).

    [42].LEIBNIZ AN GOTTLIES SPITZEL
    10./20.Februar 1670.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Augsburg).

    [45].LEIBNIZ AN GOTTLIES SPITZEL
    7./17.April 1670.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Augsburg).

    [48].LEIBNIZ AN GOTTLIES SPITZEL
    6./16.Juni 1670.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Augsburg).

    [54].LEIBNIZ AN GOTTLIES SPITZEL
    3.Oktober(?) 1670.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Augsburg).

    [74].GOTTLIES SPITZEL AN LEIBNIZ 
    17.Marz 1671.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Hannover).
    
    [76].LEIBNIZ AN GOTTLIES SPITZEL
    7.April 1671.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Augsburg).

    [123].GOTTLIES SPITZEL AN LEIBNIZ 
    22.Februar 1672.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Hannover).
    
    [127].LEIBNIZ AN GOTTLIES SPITZEL
    27.Februar/8.Marz 1672.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Augsburg).

    [128].GOTTLIES SPITZEL AN LEIBNIZ 
    24.Marz 1672.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Hannover).
    
    [132].GOTTLIES SPITZEL AN LEIBNIZ 
    14.Mai 1672.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Hannover).

(³ýÁËÉÏÁÐͨÐÅÒÔÍ⣬ ÔÚ°Â˹¸ù±¤¿ÆѧԺ³ö°æµÄÎÄÏ×Öл¹ÊÕ¼¯ÁËһЩ˹±ÈÈû¶ûÓëÀ³
²¼Äá´ÄµÄͨÐÅ[4]¡£)

    ÔÚ¡°[123].GOTTLIES SPITZEL AN LEIBNIZ¡±ÐÅÖУ¬ ˹±ÈÈû¶ûÏòÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÌáµ½
¡°Athanasium Kircherum¡±£¬¼´ÊÇ£¬µÂ¹úÊýѧ¼Ò»ùЪ¶û(1602¡«1680)£¬¡¶ÖлªÎÄÎï
ͼ־¡·µÄ×÷Õß[5]¡£ ÎÀ¿ï¹úÔÚÂÞÂíѧԺ´Óʦ»ùЪ¶û£¬Ë¹±ÈÈû¶ûÔÚ׫д¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀ
Îö¡·Ò»ÊéÒýÊöÁË»ùЪ¶û¶ÔÖйúÎÄ»¯Ñо¿µÄÎÄÏס£À³²¼Äá´ÄÓÚ1670ÄêÔøÖº¯»ùЪ¶û̸
ÂÛÖйúÎÄ»¯µÈ[6]¡£

    ÔÚ¡°[127].LEIBNIZ AN GOTTLIES SPITZEL¡±ÐÅÖУ¬À³²¼Äá´Ä¸æËß˹±ÈÈû¶û1671
Äê³ö°æÁËÒ»±¾¡°Histoire de la Chine asous la domination des Tartares par 
le R.P.Greslon S.I.¡±Ò»Ê飬°æ±¾´óСΪ£¸¡ã£¬ÒÔ¼°ÆäËûÒ®öÕ»áÊ¿³ö°æÓйØÖйúµÄ
Êé¼®¡£

    À³²¼Äá´Ä¶ÁÁËÕâ±¾Ê飬ËûÔÚÐÅÖн²ÊöÁË¡°Îõ³¯ÀúÓü¡±£¬ÌÀÈôÍû(J.Adam Schall
,1592¡«1666)²ÒËÀÓüÖУ¬ÄÏ»³ÈÊ(Ferdinand Verbiest,1623¡«1688)¼ÌÈÎÇÕÌì¼à¡£ 

    ÌÀÈôÍû£¬µÂ¹ú´«½ÌÊ¿£¬1592Äê³öÉúÓÚ¿Æ¡¡£1618ÄêËæ½ðÄá¸ó(N.Trigault,1577
¡«1628)ÀëÅ·¶«¶É£¬1622Äê½øÈëÖйúÄÚµØÓɾ©¸°Î÷°²´«½Ì¡£1630Äê½ø¾©²Î¼ÓÐÞÀú¹¤
×÷£¬²¢ÖÆÔìÁË»ëÌìÇò¡¢µØƽÈÕêеÈÌìÎÄÒÇÆ÷ÒÔ¼°ÍûÔ¶¾µ¡¢ÇòÒÇ¡¢ÂÞÅÌ¡¢¹ÛÏóÒǵÈÓÃ
ÓÚ¹Û²âµÄÒÇÆ÷¡£1645ÄêÌÀÈôÍûÈÎÇÕÌì¼à¼àÕý£¬¼Ó·îÌ«³£ËÂÉÙÇäÏΡ£1664ÄêÒòÌÀÈôÍû
ɾ¸Ä¡¶³çìõÀúÊ顷Ϊ¡¶Î÷Ñóз¨ÀúÊé¡·°äÐУ¬³Æ¡¶Ê±ÏÜÀú¡·£¬ÃæÌâ¡°Î÷Ñóз¨¡±£¬
ÒýÆðÎÄ»¯Ö®Õù£¬µ¼Ö¡°ÀúÓü¡±¡£1666Ä겡Êű±¾©[7]¡£ 

    ÄÏ»³ÈÊ£¬±ÈÀûʱ´«½ÌÊ¿£¬1623ÄêÉúÓÚ¿âÌضû£¬1659ÄêËæͬÎÀ¿ï¹úÀ´»ª£¬ÖÁÉÂÎ÷
´«½Ì¡£1660Äê·îÕÙÈ뾩£¬Ð­ÖúÌÀÈôÍûÐÞÀú¡£1669Äê±»ÈÎÃüΪÇÕÌì¼à¼à¸±£¬¹ÜÀí¼àÎñ
¡£¿µÎõ»ÊµÛÓëÄÏ»³ÈʹØϵÃÜÇС£ÄÏ»³Èʸø¿µÎõ½²ÊÚÊýѧ£¬Å㿵Îõ±±Ñ²£¬ÍƼö´«½ÌÊ¿
½ø¹¬Í¢µÈµÈ¡£1673Äê±»ÊÚÇÕÌì¼à¼àÕý£¬¼ÓÌ«³£ËÂÉÙÇäÏΡ£1688Ä겡Êű±¾©[8]¡£

   ¡°Histoire de la Chine asous la domination des Tartares¡±Ò»Ê飬ººÒëΪ
¡¶÷²÷°Í³ÖÎʱ´úÖ®ÖйúÀúÊ·¡·(±ÊÕßû¿¼Ö¤´ËÊé)£¬¸ÃÊé·ÖÈýƪ£¬ÉÏƪ¼Ç˳ÖÎÄê¼äÊÂ
£¬ÖÐƪ¼Ç¿µÎõ³õÄêÊ£¬ÏÂƪ¼Ç¿µÎõÇ×ÕþÇ°ºóÖîÄêÊ¡£Ëù¼ÇÑî¹âÏÈÔÚ¾©ÄÚÍâ³ð½ÌÖ®ÊÂ
ÆÄÏ꣬¸ÇÖÙǨµÃÖîÄ¿»÷¶úÎÅÕßÒ²¡£Êéºó¸½¡¶ÖйúÀúÊ·Ðø±à¡·¡£×÷ÕßÄôÖÙǨ(Adrien 
Greslon, 1614¡«1695)£¬·¨¹ú´«½ÌÊ¿£¬1656ÄêÖÁ»ª£¬ÔÚº£Äϵº¡¢ÄÏÐÛ¡¢½­Î÷µÈµØ´«
½Ì£¬1695Äê´äÓÚ¸ÓÖÝ[9]¡£ 

    À³²¼Äá´ÄÔÚÐÅÖл¹Ìáµ½¡°ÖÐÒ½¿Æѧ¡±(Sinensium Scientiam Medicam)£¬²¢ÓÉ
´Ë±È½ÏÅ·ÖÞ½âÆÊѧ(Anatomia)¡¢»¯Ñ§(Chymia)¡¢ÉúÀíѧ(Physiologica)µÈ£¬ÒÔ¼°
À³²¼Äá´Ä¶ÔÖÐÒ½µÄÈÏʶ¡£ 

    ´ÓÕâЩͨÐÅÖÐÈËÃÇ¿ÉÖªÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÓë˹±ÈÈû¶ûÔøÔÚ1672ÄêÒÔÇ°ÌÖÂÛ¹ýÖйúÎÄ»¯µÄ
һЩºÛ¼££¬²¢¶ÔÆä¾ßÓÐÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈµÄÁ˽⡣À³²¼Äá´ÄÏÔÈ»¶Ô˹±ÈÈû¶ûËù±àÖøµÄ¡¶Öйú
ÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·Ò»ÊéÁËÈçÖ®ÕÆ¡£Ä¿Ç°±ÊÕßÊÖÖÐËù´æ֤ʵÀ³²¼Äá´Ä¿´µ½µÄ˹±ÈÈû¶ûËù±àÖø
³ö°æµÄ¡¶ÖйúÎÄѧÆÀÎö¡·Ò»ÊéÎÄÏ×ÓУº

    ¢ÙTilemann Grimm, ¡°China und das Chinabild von Leibniz¡± (STUDIA 
      LEIBNITIANA No.1,1969)¡£
    ¢ÚJulia Ching¡¢Willard G.Oxtoby, Leibniz and Wolff on China (1992)¡£
    ¢ÛRene Etiemble¡¢L'Europe chinoise (1988)¡£
    ¢ÜD.J.Cook¡¢H.Rosemont, G.W.Leibniz Writings on China(1994) 
    (ÒÔÏÂÂÔ)



(Îå)С  ½á

    ͨ¹ý¶Ô˹±ÈÈû¶ûËù±àÖø³ö°æµÄ¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·Ò»ÊéµÄ¿¼Ö¤ÓëÑо¿£¬Ö¤ÊµÁËÒÔ
ÏÂÈý¸öÎÊÌ⣺

    ¢ÙÔÚ1679Äê֮ǰ£¬¼´À³²¼Äá´Ä¡°·¢Ã÷¡±¶þ½øÖÆ×îÔçʱ¼ä֮ǰ£¬ÖйúµÄ¡¶Ò×ͼ¡·
(°ËØÔ)ÒÑÔÚÅ·ÖÞ¹«¿ª³ö°æ¡£

    ¢ÚÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÒÔÇ°Å·ÖÞÈ˶ԡ¶Ò×ͼ¡·ÒѳÆΪ¡°¶þ½øÖÆ¡±¡£       

    ¢ÛÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÔÚ1679Äê֮ǰÒѼûµ½¡¶Ò×ͼ¡·¡£

    ÕâÈý¸öÎÊÌâµÄ֤ʵ£¬Ê¹ÈËÃǶÔÀ³²¼Äá´ÄËù·¢Ã÷µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÓÐÒ»¸öÖØеÄÈÏʶ£¬Æä
¶þ½øÖƵÄÌåϵԴÓÚ·üôË°ËØÔͼ¡£Èç¹û£¬Ñ§Êõ½çÒÀ¾Ý¹Å½ñÈËÃǶԷ¢Ã÷Ò»´ÊµÄÀí½âºÍ¹²
ʶ£¬Ò»Ïî·¢Ã÷±ØÐë¾ß±¸Ê×´´Õâ¸öÌõ¼þ£¬À³²¼Äá´ÄÊDz»¾ß±¸¶þ½øÖÆ·¢Ã÷µÄÓÅÏÈȨ¡£
   
    һЩÎ÷·½Ê·Ñ§¼ÒÔøÒÔÀ³²¼Äá´ÄһЩ»ÑÑÔ×÷ΪÅж¨À³²¼Äá´ÄÓµÓжþ½øÖÆ·¢Ã÷µÄÓÅ
ÏÈȨ£¬ÕâÑù×öÊÇ´ÖdzµÄ¡£Èç·¨¹úʷѧ¼Ò°¬ÌïÆÑ(Rene Etiemble, 1909¡« )ÒÀ¾Ý1707
Äê12ÔÂ15ÈÕÀ³²¼Äá´Ä¸ø²¼¶û¸Ç(D.Bourquet)ÐÅÖÐдµ½£º

        tamen, ubi Arithmeticam meam binariam excogitavi, antequam 
        Fohianorum characterum in mentem veniret pulcherrimam[...]

    Õâ¶Î»°ÓÉ°¬ÌïÆÑÒâÒëΪ£ºË­Ò²²»¿ÉÄÜʹÎÒ°ÚÍÐÕâÑùµÄ¿´·¨£¬¼´ÎҵĶþ½øÖÆËãÊõ
Óë°ËØÔÖ®¼äÓÐמªÈ˵ÄÏàʶÐÔ£¬µ±³õÎÒ´´Á¢¶þ½øÖÆËãÊõµÄÔ­Ôòʱ£¬¶Ô¡¶Ò×¾­¡·ÖеÄ
°ËØÔÊǸù±¾²»ÖªµÀµÄ[10]¡£

    °¬ÌïÆѹýÓÚÏàÐÅÀ³²¼Äá´ÄµÄ»ÑÑÔ£¬¶øºöÊÓÁËÀúÊ·ÊÂʵ£¬ºöÊÓÁËÅж¨·¢Ã÷ÓÅÏÈȨ
µÄ×î»ù±¾µÄÌõ¼þ¡£¾ÍÊÇÕâÖÖÒÔÁ½ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄ·ûºÅ½øÐÐ×éºÏÅÅÁУ¬·ê¶þ½øÒ»µÄ¶«Î÷ÊÇ·ñ
Òѹ«¿ª³öÏÖ£¬ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬Óɱ¾ÎÄ¿¼Ö¤¿É¼û£¬ÔçÒÑÔÚÅ·Ö޵ijö°æÎïÉϳöÏÖ¡£¾¡¹ÜÀ³²¼Äá
´ÄÈçºÎ×ÔÎÒÐû³Æ¡°µ±³õÎÒ´´Á¢¶þ½øÖÆËãÊõµÄÔ­Ôòʱ£¬¶Ô¡¶Ò×¾­¡·ÖеİËØÔÊǸù±¾²»
ÖªµÀµÄ¡±£¬ÕâÔÚÕùÈ¡·¢Ã÷ÓÅÏÈȨÉÏÊÇÒ»ÖÖÎÞÀíµÄ˵Ã÷£¬ÒòΪ·¢Ã÷ÓÅÏÈȨ²»¹ÜÀ³²¼Äá
´ÄÖª²»ÖªµÀ¡¶Ò×¾­¡·ÖÐÓÐûÓаËØÔ¡£À³²¼Äá´ÄÕâÖÖ×ÔÎÒÐû³ÆÈ´±íÏÖ³öËûµÄ²»³ÏʵºÍ
ÑÚ¶úµÁÁåµÄ¾½Ì¬¡£
                
    À³²¼Äá´ÄÖ§³ÖÕßΪʲôһÔÙÉù³ÆÀ³²¼Äá´Ä·¢Ã÷Á˶þ½øÖÆ? ±ÊÕßÈÏΪÕâЩ¿Æѧʷ
ר¼ÒÃÇËù¿¼Ö¤µÄÀúʷʱÆÚ¼°ÀúÊ·ÎÄÏ×Ö»ÏÞÓÚÔÚ1679ÄêÒԺ󣬶àÊýµÄ¿¼Ö¤ÏÞÓÚÔÚ1697
¡«1703Äê¡£ÓÉÓÚÕâЩ¿Æѧʷר¼ÒÃÇËù¿¼Ö¤µÄÀúʷʱÆÚ¼°ÀúÊ·ÎÄÏ×ÓÐÏÞ£¬¶øµ¼Ö¶ÔÈË
ÀàÎÄÃ÷µÄÀúÊ·µÄÍáÇú¡£²®Ï£ºÍ¾ÍÊÇÆäÖеÄÒ»¸ö£¬ËûΪÁËÌæÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÕùµÃ¶þ½øÖÆ·¢Ã÷
µÄÓÅÏÈȨ£¬¾¹È»ÒÔÖйúûÓа¢À­²®Êý×Ö¡°0¡±ÉÏ´ó×öÎÄÕ£¬ ¶øÑÚ¸ÇÀ³²¼Äá´Ä¶þ½øÖÆ
Ô´ÓÚ·üôË°ËØÔͼµÄʵÊ¡£

    ÀîԼɪΪÁËÌæÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÕùµÃ¶þ½øÖÆ·¢Ã÷µÄÓÅÏÈȨ£¬·í´Ì¡¶Ò×¾­¡·µÄÕ¼²·ÕßÃǸù
±¾Ã»ÓÐÈκÎËãÊõ·½ÃæµÄÑо¿»ò˼¿¼Õß¡£

    °¬ÌïÆÑÔÚ¡¶L'Europe Chinose¡·Ò»ÊéÖÐΪÁËÌæÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÕùµÃ¶þ½øÖÆ·¢Ã÷µÄÓÅÏÈ
Ȩ£¬¶Ô°×½ú°ÑÀ³²¼Äá´Ä·¢Ã÷µÄ¶þ½øÖÆ˵³ÉÓë·üôË°ËØÔͼһÑù£¬¸Ðµ½Ê®·Ö²»Âú£¬ËûÈÏ
Ϊ°×½úÉñ»êµßµ¹£¬¼òÖ±ÊÇÎÞ»ü̸֮¡£ÉõÖÁ£¬ÒòΪ°×½úºÍÀ³²¼Äá´Ä³Æ·üôËΪ¿ÆѧµÄʼ
×棬¸Ðµ½Æø·Õ£¬¶ø˵À³²¼Äá´ÄÒ²ÏÝÈëÎÞ»ü̸֮֮ÖС£¡¶Ò×¾­¡·ÔÚËûµÄÑÛÀïÊÇÕ¼²·Õß
ÃÇÐÐÆ­µÄ¹¤¾ß£¬Ë¿ºÁûÓÐÀ³²¼Äá´ÄºÍ°×½úÏëÏóµÄÒâ˼[11]¡£

    ÉÏÊöÎ÷·½Èýλʷѧ¼Ò£¬ÓÉÓÚ³ÖÓÐijЩŷÖÞÖÐÐÄÖ÷ÒåµÄ¹ÛÄÔڻرܶÔÏà¹ØÀúÊ·
ÎÄÏ××÷¿¼Ö¤µÄÇ°ÌáÏ£¬´ó×ö²»ÊµÆÀÂÛ£¬¶øɥʧʷѧÑо¿µÄ»ù±¾Ô­Ôò¡£

    ×Ô´Ó1701ÄêÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÏò°×½ú¹«¿ªÁËËû·¢Ã÷µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÒÔÀ´£¬°×½úµ±¼´Ö¸³öÀ³²¼Äá
´ÄËù·¢Ã÷µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÓë·üôË°ËØÔͼÏàͬ[12]¡£ÓÉ´ËÁôÏÂÀúÊ·ÒÅ°¸£¬À³²¼Äá´Ä¶þ½øÖÆÊÇ
·ñÔ´ÓÚ·üôË°ËØÔͼ? ΪÁË̽ÌÖÕâÒ»ÎÊÌ⣬ÈËÃǽ¨Á¢ÁËÒ»¸öÉóÊÓ±ê×¼£¬¼´À³²¼Äá´ÄÔÚ
·¢Ã÷¶þ½øÖÆ֮ǰ¼ûû¼û¹ý·üôË°ËØÔͼ¡£Èç¹ûÀ³²¼Äá´ÄûÓмû¹ýÕâÀණÎ÷£¬¾ÍÒâζ×Å
¶þ½øÖÆÊÇÓÉÀ³²¼Äá´Ä·¢Ã÷¡£·´Ö®£¬¾Í²»ÊÇÓÉÀ³²¼Äá´Ä·¢Ã÷¡£

    ³¤ÆÚÒÔÀ´£¬ÈÏΪÀ³²¼Äá´Ä·¢Ã÷¶þ½øÖÆÕßÃǼáÊØÀ³²¼Äá´ÄÔÚ°×½ú³öʾ·üôË°ËØÔͼ
֮ǰ´Óδ¼û¹ýÕâÀණÎ÷¡£¶ø½ñ£¬ÕâÒѳÉΪÀúÊ·µÄ»ÑÑÔ¡£  


[²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×]:

[1]¡¢J.Needham, SCIENCE AND CIVILISATION IN CHINA, Vol.2,1956.
[2]¡¢Tilemann Grimm,  STUDIA LEIBNITIANA No.1,1969
[3]¡¢AKADEMIE-VERLAG¡¤BERLIN, GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ, 1970¡£
[4]¡¢Akademie-Ausgabe I/1, Darmstadt 1923.
[5]¡¢A.Kircher, CHINA......ILLUSTRATA,Amsterdam 1667.
[6]¡¢D.J.Cook¡¢H.Rosemont,WRITINGS ON CHINA,1994.
[7]¡¢»Æʱ¼ø£¬¡¶ÖÐÎ÷¹ØϵʷÄê±í¡·£¬Õã½­ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬1994¡£
[8][9]¡¢Louis PEISTER, NOTICES BIOGRAPHIQUES ET BIBLIO.£¬1932
[10][11]¡¢Ðí¾ù¡¢Ç®ÁÖÉ­Ò룬¡¶Öйú֮ŷÖÞ¡·£¬ºÓÄÏÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬1994
[12]¡¢L.Dutens, G.G.LEIBNITII, 1768.


[¸½]£º

    ¢Ù˹±ÈÈû¶ûµÄ¡¶ÖйúÎÄÊ·ÆÀÎö¡·(De re litteraria Sinensium commentarius
)Ò»ÊéÁ½¸öÕ½ڵÄÔ­ÎÄ£º

    µÚ¡°SETCTIO ¢ô¡±(µÚ45Ò³¡«61Ò³)

    µÚ¡°SETCTIO ¢ù¡±(µÚ156Ò³¡«178Ò³)

    ¢Ú˹±ÈÈû¶ûÓëÀ³²¼Äá´ÄͨÐÅ£º

    [123].GOTTLIES SPITZEL AN LEIBNIZ 
    22.Februar 1672.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Hannover).
    
    [127].LEIBNIZ AN GOTTLIES SPITZEL
    27.Februar/8.Marz 1672.Eigenh.Abfertigung A(Augsburg).


¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª
[·µ»ØÊ×Ò³][·µ»ØĿ¼]